Organic Toiletries

Carbon and Organic Chemistry

The phrase "carbon-based life forms," is often used in science fiction books and movies by foreigners to describe the creatures of the Earth, the only planet known to support life. Not only are all living things contain carbon, but carbon present in a lot of things that were once living and now are the source of life, which makes it useful for dating the remains of previous settlements on Earth. Useful is even more oil, a substance that contains carbon-based forms, which died long ago, became fossils, and ultimately changed chemically in fuels. Moreover, not all materials containing carbon were once living beings and yet, because carbon is a common denominator all living things on Earth, the branch of study known as organic chemistry is the study of compounds containing carbon. Although among the organic compounds Most important are the many carboxylic acids which are vital for life, carbon is also present in many important inorganic compounds, most its compounds in particular small, but inevitable, as carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide and carbonates.

Name comes from the carbon Latin word carbo, or charcoal, in fact, is almost pure carbon. Its chemical symbol is C is usually topped with atomic number of 6, meaning there are six protons in its nucleus. His two stable isotopes are 12C, which is 98.9% of all carbon in nature, and 13C, which accounts for another 1.1%. The 12C-atom mass is the basis of the atomic mass unit (amu), for which the figures of the mass of all other elements are measured: the UMA is defined as exactly 1 / 12 the mass of a single 12C atom. The mass difference between 12C and 13C, which is heavier because of the extra neutron, taking into account the fact that the atomic mass of carbon is 12.01 amu: if not for the small amounts of 13C carbon in a sample, the mass would be exactly 12.00 amu.

Carbon represents only a small portion of the known elemental mass in Earth's crust, oceans and atmosphere (only 0.08% or 1 / 1250, of the total), however is the fourteenth most abundant element on the planet. In the human body, carbon is second only to oxygen in abundance, and accounts for 18% of body mass. Thus, if a person weighs 100 pounds (45.3 kg), he / she is carrying around 18 pounds (8.2 kg) of carbon, strangely the same material from which diamonds appreciated and are highly valued. Present in the inorganic rock of the earth and living above it, carbon is everywhere. In combination with other elements, form carbonates, mainly calcium carbonate (CaCO3), which appears in the form of limestone, marble and gypsum. In combination with hydrogen creates hydrocarbon present in the deposits of fossil fuels: natural gas, oil and coal. In the environment, carbon as carbon dioxide (CO2) is absorbed by plants undergoing the process of photosynthesis and release oxygen to sustain the animals breathe oxygen and release carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.

We know that carbon forms tetravalent links, and makes multiple bonds with a single atom. We have also mentioned that a long carbon chains of atoms and the varieties of ways. But how is it that makes these things, and why? These questions are so good that an entire branch of chemistry, chemical Organic is dedicated to answering these theoretical issues and identifying solutions to a host of other problems, most related and practical. Organic chemistry is the study of carbon compounds and their properties. At one time, chemists thought "organic" was synonymous of "life", and again recently as the nineteenth century, believed that organic substances contained a supernatural "life force." Then in 1828, German chemist Friedrich Wöhler cracked the code that distinguishes the living from the living species, organic and inorganic.

Wöhler A sample of ammonium cyanate (NH4OCN) and by heating, is converted to urea (H2N-CO-NH2), a waste product in the urine of mammals. In other words, he had become an organic, inorganic material, and did so, as noted, "without the benefit of a kidney, bladder, or dog. "It was almost as if he had created life. In fact, the Wöhler had seen, and what other scientists came to understand that followed was as follows:" the separating the organic from the inorganic is the way in which the carbon chains are prepared. "

Ammonium cyanate and urea have exactly the same numbers and the proportions of atoms, however, are different compounds. So are isomers: substances having the same formula, but different chemically. In urea, carbon forms an organic chain, and ammonium cyanate, it is not. Therefore, to reduce the specifics of organic chemistry further one can say that this area of the field is the study of carbon chains, and how to reorganize in order to create new substances.

Rubber, vitamins, material and paper are all based on organic compounds that we are in our daily lives. In each case, the material comes from something that once was living, but what really these substances are organic in nature is the common denominator of carbon, as well as specific arrangements of atoms. We give organic chemistry thanks for any number of things: aspirin and all kinds of other drugs, preservatives that keep food from spoiling, perfumes and toiletries, coloring aromas, and so on.

It may not be out of context to mention that radiocarbon dating is used to date the age of charcoal, wood and other biological materials such as when an organism is alive, which incorporates a certain ratio of carbon-12 in proportion to the amount of the radioisotope (s ie radioactive isotope) carbon-14 it receives from the atmosphere. As soon as the organism dies, however, it stops incorporating new carbon, and the relationship between Carbon-12 and carbon-14 will begin to change as carbon-14 decays to form nitrogen-14. Carbon-14 has a half life of 5730 years, which means that it takes that long for half the isotopes in a sample of the decay to nitrogen-14. So a scientist can use the proportions of carbon-12, carbon-14, and nitrogen-14 to guess the age of an organic sample. The problem of radiocarbon dating, however, is that there is a good chance of the sample can be contaminated by the additional carbon in the soil. In addition, you can not say with certainty that the proportion of carbon-12 to carbon-14 in the atmosphere has been constant over time.

HCG - Prep: Organic Toiletries

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